Tag Archives: decisions

Structuring for Success – Part 2

On Wednesday I described the strata theory of organizational structure.  In summary, the workof an organization  (e.g., build a plane) can be categorized by it’s type, e.g., level 1,2,3 ……… and so on.

The type of work at each level generally goes from  long complex tasks requiring a lot of earned power to short simple tasks (i.e., level 1) based on granted power.

My earlier posts describes this in a little more detail. Today I will focus on how the model can help identify problem areas, ultimately leading to resolution. (hopefully)

Comprehension

When direct reports are doing the same kind of work, that is they are both level 3 for example, conflicts quickly arise.  Intuitively you can imagime the angst and confusion when the boss is doing what you have been assigned ( often by the boss).

Terms like micro managing or constructive dismissal can be applied to this scenario.  To solve, study the work done in your organization, based on the length and complexity of the tasks, ensure direct reports are not working at the same level.

Gaps

When someone doing level 2 type work is reporting to a boss doing level 4 work, things can be missed.  Gaps in the work flow , not unexpectedly, create challenges at the lower level of work.

Working Across Multiple Levels

For me, this is both the most common and frustrating.  In this case the resource at (for example) level three sets the direction and goals assigning them to people who work at level 1 & 2.

Unfortunately they then go and proceed to do the work.  That is the senior manager assigns projects aligned to the strategies and then goes and runs the projects alongside those assigned to do this type of work?

The project managers accountable for the work become quickly disaffected and impotent.    Most often, ultimately, they leave the organization.

Wants and Needs

Whether classified as a want or a need,  both are action terms about attaining something.  For wants, the underlying motivation is a desire and for needs it’s required or essential.

In 1943 Abraham Maslow put forward a motivational theory based on a heirarchy of needs.  The theory was more fully devolped in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality.

In brief, humans needs were grouped into five main categories, in order of priority: self actualization, esteem, love/belonging, safety and physiological.

Needs versus Wants

A very grey area for me is the classification of needs and wants.  Maslow focused on human psychology to define needs.  The categories are broad and distinguishing the essential over the desired is not clear cut.

For example, belonging is  an intrinsic part of human nature but to what degree.  Of course the degree to which we attach ourselves to others (e.g.,marriage, single, hermit) can vary widely.

For one person what might appear only desirable could be a requirement for another.  Often distinguishing between wants and needs can be tricky.

Does it Matter

When you are motivated to act, the strength of desire can be moderated by need versus want.  Rationalization can help influence the decision.  Thoughts like, I really want this, but do I need it.

And so the dilemma begins, is this an inherent need or not.  Is there any definitive way to decide?

Making Decisions

A past boss of mine,who was a senior executive within the companies C-suite, used to describe one of his key activities as facilitating decisions.

Given his level within the company the focus of his decision facilitation was focused far more on strategic than tactical topics.  Nether the less , his own view of his functional role coincided with mine.

Actually there was a real synergy and integration among his leadership team, including himself, for that reason.  As the senior leader he focused on the achievement of the highest quality decisions.

Most importantly though, he enabled the decision making utilizing the best resources and sources.

Guide don’t Drive

Decision making is simply the thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options.  It involves gathering and analzing the pro’s and con’s of the available data.

The process of making decisions can suffer in quality with too much or too little consideration.  This level of attention is a delicate balance.

My former boss recognized his teams success rested on the quality of decisions.   This then, producing high quality decisions,  became a focus.

This is not to say seemless execution is not needed and expected but rather the critical path to success starts with decision quality.

For Example

A quick and simple example of the potential benefits and risks associated with decision making is that of picking a stock.  A good decision can bring you wealth, while a bad pick could be costly.

 

Defining Success

Rene Descartes, a french philosopher published a phrase in Latin and French in 1647 that is commonly translated as “I think, therefore I am”.

Arguably, any intelligent being, artificial or otherwise can subjectively declare their existence using this statement.  The concept tweaked my interest the other day as I contemplated the meaning of success.

I think I am successful, therfore I am

Unfortunately, success requires validation and while self validation is satisfying, is it accurate?  If others don’t view me as successful, does it matter what I think?

This leads to the potential statement ” Others think I am successful, therefore I am”.   This also is largely a subjective assessment.  The true measure  is probably more likely founded in objectivity.

So how do I know if I am Successful?

Success is associated with achievement.  If the goal is clearly defined with associated measures to indicate when it has been achieved, measuring success can be very objective.

This applies to very specific activities (i.e., the goal) and can very greatly depending on your personal goal.

For one person, a goal could be to have accumulated one million dollars by age fifty while for another the accumulational of money might not even be on their list of goals at all.

One, rich at fifty, could claim success, while the other, potentially poor at fifty could also claim success.

And so success is very individual.  Arguably if your goal was to feel  successful, then stating (with conviction) “I think I am successful”, would become an objective measure of success.

That is, the statement would indicate you feel successful and since that was your goal, then you are successful.

Figuring it out

When making a decision we use information to figure out how to proceed.  The information is basically interpreted through one or both of two lenses.  Those perspectives are commonly classified as objective and subjective.

Objective Analysis

Taken as an adjective, as in objective analysis or objective perspective, the term refers to an interpretation of information in a way that is not influenced by personal feelings or opinions.

When considering and representing facts objectively your behaviour is described by others as impartial, unbiased, unprejudiced, nonpartisan, disinterested, neutral, uninvolved, even-handed, equitable, fair, fair-minded, just, open-minded, dispassionate, detached or neutral.

To do this, the information must not only be interpreted objectively but the sources must be objective as well.  Truly objective data cannot be tortured into saying anything.

Subjective Analysis

Again considered as an adjective, subjective analysis is
based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.  In essence the opposite of the objective view.

When considering and representing the facts subjectively your behaiour can be described as personal opinions, individually based, emotionally driven and perhaps  instinctive or intuitive.

Back to Balance

A theme that runs through many of my posts surrounds the benefits derived from balanced behaviour.  Using both objective and subjective perspectives in balance is a great example of this practice (balancing opposites).

This can also be described as the Art and Science of decision making.  Founding a decision purley on logic can result in the bi-passing of moral and emotional well being .

Purely emotional views can lead to high risk and even result in the goal not being reached.  Keep in mind, the next time you are making a decision both objective and subjective perspectives add value.

Recognize when you are using each and maintain an equitable balance, this will most likely lead to figuring out the way to consistently good decisions?

 

 

 

Making Mistakes

When your action or judgment is misguided or wrong we call that a mistake.  Regardless of the magnitude or visibility, acting or deciding wrongly is a mistake.

Of course, the outcomes and consequences of the mistake might not be in accordance with the type or level of the error.  That is to say a small error could have serious consequences.

And the Oscar goes to……..

Last Sunday was an obvious case where a small slip has disasterous results.  A accountant who works for PWC (Price Waterhouse Coopers) gave the wrong envelope to Warren Beatty on Sunday.

This minor slip resulted in the wrong movie being given the best picture Oscar for a brief two and a half minutes.  More than long enough to create a massive, even monumental fuss.

Fate Intervenes

Warren got the wrong envelope with the wrong contents and under usual circumstances, you would expect he would recognize the winners card was incorrect and stop the train before the crash.

To be fair, Mr. Beatty is 79 and was slowly working through his mind  the puzzle of the strange winners card .  Faye Dunaway, his co star in the 1968 Oscar Best Picture nominated movie “Bonnie and Clyde” , was the co-presenter.

Unfortunately, the relationship between Faye and Warren was a little acromonious.  In particular she is known to have little patience with his slow considered approach.

So Faye, loosing patience with Warrens slow progress, snapped the card from Warren , glanced at it, and read the wrong winner.  And so the error that began with the wrong envelope was exposed.

Fortunately!

In this case the impact is large but certainly not irrepairable, after all  the winning movie was recognized.

I am a little sad for the PWC accountant who will probably bear the brunt of consequences  but really to some extent was only a victim of circumstance.

What would you Do?

Yesterdays post was about two key measures used to identify leaders.  Intellectual skills and behaviour skills.  These two measures have been labled EQ and IQ.

In essence these measures are just predictors of how a person will behave.  That is, what would you do if…..?

How it works

For example if you saw an obnoxious drunk bother patrons in a public place you would:

  1. call security
  2. confront the drunk
  3. ignore the situation
  4. gather more data before deciding what to do
  5. leave

Persons with behaviour characteristics high in empathy or motivation would most likely take action 1 or 2.  Intellectually focused would take 4 or possibly 5 ( depending on the results of 4.  )

Those with average or low leadership tendencies probably go with the default.   Do nothing.

Many psychology experments have been conducted using tests to acertain IQ and EQ and then used scenarios to determine what the testee’s do.  In some cases rather than scenarios some of these studies used past behaviours.

Consistently, the behaviour you would expect intuitively based on the IQ and EQ measures  (  like the example above) was confirmed.

Think about it

A very powerful technique for improving your EQ  consists of walking yourself through significant scenarios you participated in over the last month and remembering how you behaved.

Were your objectives met.  Or if met was it efficient and pleasant?  What EQ characteristic behaviours could you have used for a better result.  Did others consider your actions kindly and effective?

Use the outcomes from these key experiences to drive improvement in the way you behave.  That is identifying what could be down better and what personal behaviours you need to change for that to become reality.

You can be a great leader, make it so.

Right or Wrong?

In the context of taking an action, that is making a decision or choice and acting on it, how can you determine if it was right (a good choice) or wrong ( a bad choice).

Feedback recieved during the decision making process can help.  Of course, results from  multiple sources can lead to a variety of input both postive and negative. Confusion reigns.

The goal should be to focus on objective feedback based on tangible metrics, things you can definitively measure.  This requires a clear statement of outcomes.

Strategic or Tactical Time Frames

Analysis can be complicated by point in time outcomes.  Is it about short, medium or long term.  Or even all three or a combination thereof.

Further complicating determination of right or wrong can be underlying moral or value based considerations associated with the decisions results.

For Example

In 1948 the Russians decided to block the Western allies tranportation access to west Berlin, thus starving and otherwise inconveniencing the western allies (and the general population) such that they would decamp and leave Berlin under complete Russian control.

For the Russians this was a moral and just decision.  Not so much for the Western allies.  Was the decision right or wrong?   At the time the answer to this question depended somewhat on where you lived, your politics and values.

Should the US restrict visitors and immigrants from selected predominantly muslim countries? is it right or wrong, can it be justified?

My own opinion is this action is both wrong and unsupportable.  However, there are those with a contrary powerful argument.   Perhaps the best way is respectful dialogue.  Maybe we can figure it out.

Or maybe, as occured in the case of the Berlin blockade, one side figures out how to overcome the other.  Guess who stayed in Berlin without starving.

How much Research is Enough?

For decisions, recommendations or suggestions it makes sense to investigate and gather supporting rationale for your conclusion/recommendation /suggestion.

This research can be wide and varied or narrow and focused.  It can take hours,days, months or years to complete.  The results may be fully objective, mainly subjective or as is most often the case, somewhere inbetween.

The Research Balance

High value decisions are arrived at by spending the least amount of effort to achieve the highest quality result.  This leads to the basic question, how much effort should I expend on research?

How much effort is better spent on positioning, marketing and manipulating to sell the recommended solution?

To that end how about making it look like a lot of time and effort was spent on research, that is having your solution accepted because it looks well researched, really though its just effective use of smoke and mirrors.

Things to watch out for

Don’t let the consultant, salesman, researcher, etc pull the wool over your eyes with their magical recommendations and suggestions to support the best decision.

Consider:

  • Does the solution advocate have a personal vested interest in the outcome.
  • Is there a plethoria of supporting data (I always worry this is asign of misdirection)?
  • Is the path to the conclusion twisted with multiple branches or just straight and to the point?
  • Can the supporting data be replicated (objectively)?
  • Was the research conducted for it’s own sake, that is took a long time so appears well thought out but is really just mainly focused on putting the researcher in a good light and justifying their existence.

Making the Wrong Choice

Not choosing for fear of making the wrong choice can actually be more harmful then choosing incorrectly.  This is commonly known in bureaucratic  circles as analysis paralysis.

Choosing incorrectly can have catastrophic potentially irreversable results but within reasonable risk limits, not choosing can lead to different but still painful negative results, possibly over a longer term.

Mistakes are Necessary

The value equation associated with decision is a balance between the potential negative outcomes versus positive outcomes  weighed against the time factor.

In many cases the longer it takes to make the decision (usually the cautious approach) can diminish the likelyhood of positive outcomes.

On the other hand, deciding without enough factual information increases the risk of negative results.  Taking too long though could result in the decision seeming sound but in fact due to changes over time it has become flawed.

Don’t Focus on the Mistake

Lack of action most frequently leads to lack of results.  This is an argument for making a decision and acting even if there is a potential for error.

However, this needs to be a balanced approach based on the decision value equation.  Ultimately, there is never a certainty of a positive result but with reasoned analysis the likelyhood of success can be estimated.

Fear of being wrong should not be a factor in whatever action is selected but rather likelyhood of a positive versus a negative result.

The message of this post, don’t let fear rule, no worries being acting and being wrong is far better than not acting at all.